Japanese Robotics

Humanoid Entertainment Robots

• ASIMO, manufactured by Honda
• QRIO, by Sony
• HOAP(*1) Robot Series (Humanoid for Open Architecture Platform), Manufactured by Fujitsu
• Toyota Partner Robot, manufactured by Toyota.
• EMIEW, by Hitachi

 Androids

Androids are robots designed to strongly resemble humans.

• Actroid, a realistic female robot demonstrated most prominently at Expo 2005 in Japan
• Hanako, a humanoid robot designed for dentist training
• HRP-4C, a humanoid robot with a realistic head and the average figure of a young Japanese female

Industrial Robotics

Eventually the deeper long term financial resources and strong domestic market enjoyed by the Japanese companies prevailed, their robots spread all over the globe. Only a few non-Japanese companies managed to survive in this market, including Adept Technology, Stäubli-Unimation, the Swedish-Swiss company ABB (ASEA Brown-Boveri), the Austrian manufacturer igm Robotersysteme AG and the German company KUKA Robotics.

This includes the one used by the robot based automative production plants,known as assembly line robots.

Characteristics

Moreover, a recently created robot called CB2 or Child-robot with Biomimetic Body may follow moving objects with its eyes. CB2 can dangle its legs, raise its shoulders and fall with rhythmic breathing. CB2 may recognize the human touch, which is possible thanks to the 197 film-like pressure sensors that are placed under its rubbery skin. Asada, the team of engineers and brain specialists together with psychologists and many other specialists in the related domain created a CB2 that may record emotional expressions, memorize them and then match them with physical sensations.

The characteristics of robots are however progressive, their abilities being enlarged as the technology has progressed. The same CB2 acts more and more as human and it was capable of teaching itself how to walk with the aid of human help. The robot learned how to move around the room by using its 51 "muscles," which are driven by air pressure.

The humanoid Japanese robots characteristics include abilities such as blinking, smiling or expressing emotions akin to anger and surprise. One of the newest Japanese robots, HRP-4C is a female-robot programmed to catwalk. It walks and talks and with the help of 30 motors it may move its legs and arms however loudly and awkwardly. The facial expressions that are capable of are driven by 8 facial motors to make it smile or blink and change the facial expression as a response to anger or surprise.

Robots that are intended to play with children usually look like animals and depending on what animal they are, they make different sounds, move, walk and play. Robot-dogs for example may bark, move their tails and somehow run or play with a child.

There are also the mountable robots that can carry their passengers almost anywhere they need to go. Some of the Japanese robots move through rolling.

Mobility and movement

One of the characteristics and advances of Japanese robotics over many other countries is the movement and mobility of the robots used.

Commercial Applications

Conceivable commercial applications of robots include any type of activity that a robot could do in the domestic or industrial field.

Japanese scientists have foreseen many applications for their robots. They could be used in the hospitals, they may provide help for the elderly, they may be play-friends for children and they could replace humans in various activities.

Researchers across Japan have unveiled increasingly sophisticated robots with different functions, including a talking office receptionist, a security guard and even a primary school teacher. The newest model of domestic helper, AppriAttenda, is developed by Toshiba. This is a robot that can fetch containers from a refrigerator by using its two arms and moves on wheels. The purpose in creating such robots is to make older people's lives easier when they have to manage alone. The robots could help them with basic tasks inside the house.

The Japanese scientists in robotics have also created the first robotic fashion model, the HRP-4C, a female-robot that is capable of strutting a catwalk, smiling, blinking, and pouting.

Fumio Miyazaki, an engineering science professor at the Toyonaka Campus of Osaka University, stated that Japanese scientists can provide thousands of humanoids that could be working alongside humans by the end of 2020s, if that is what the society wants.

The progress that Japanese robotics engineers recorded was also possible due to the friendly image that Japanese people have towards the robots. In the Western countries, people seem to picture robots as evil and dangerous creatures and they fear that their jobs could be taken by robots.

Japan has the most industrial robots, over a quarter of a million robots as an effort to reduce high labor costs and support further industrial mechanization. Japan wants robotics to be for their 21st century economy what automobiles were for the 20th.^[5]

Robots are also seen as a solution to the declining birthrate and shrinking workforce, a great problem of the Japanese society. Although the number of workers that a robot could replace varies on the type of industry, a robot may do the job for several workers and can provide an answer on the nation's declining work force and will weigh heavily on future pension and health care programs.

History

Among Japan's oldest robot precursors are the karakuri ningyo, or mechanical dolls. Karakuri ningyo are believed to have originated in China. During the Edo period (1603–1867), Takeda-za developed a mechanical-puppet theater that flourished in Osaka's Dotonbori district.

The first idea of a robot was the cartoon character Astroboy outside Japan or Testuwan Atomu, in Japan. The most popular robot-hero, Astroboy was created by Osamu Tezuka's imagination and is one of the most famous Japanese sci-fi robots.

In the middle of the twentieth century, Ichiro Kato professor of Waseda University studied humanoid robots. He made "WABOT-1," a full scale humanoid robot in 1973. WABOT-1 had two arms, walked on two legs and sees with two camera eyes.

In 1996 Honda announced the P2 humanoid robot after which a number of companies and institutes started to develop humanoid robots for many purposes.

The Japanese company Kawasaki Robotics started the commercial production of industrial robots over 40 years ago.

Approximately 700,000 industrial robots were used all over the world in 1995, of which 500,000 operated in Japan.

Japanese robotics companies

General robotics

• Sony Corporation
• Honda
• Toyota
• Toshiba

Industrial robotics

• Denso Corporation
• Epson
• FANUC
• Intelligent Actuator
• Kawasaki
• Nachi 
• Yaskawa Electric Corporation

NAO Next Gen: New robot of Aldebaran Robotics

The NAO Next Gen robot from Aldebaran robotics is quite remarkable. sporting two cameras, 4 microphones, 8 pressure sensors, and a powerful processor, this robot can accomplish any number or tasks. In this video you will see him recognize his owner upon walking into the room with the robot’s head following his movements. He recognizes speech, grabs a rubber ball with his sophisticated hands and follows his owner around walking. The robot’s walk is quite good and it even has an impressive way to protect itself in case of a fall. If it has fallen, it gets back up with ease. Indeed, the future of personal robotics looks very promising.

Aldebaran Robotics Nao Next Gen Fully Programmable Humanoid Robot Review

Aldebaran Robotics' Nao robot has already received a few upgrades from both the company itself and other developers, but it now has a proper successor and now they look the wraps off its new and improved Nao Next Gen robot, touting features like a 1.6GHz Atom processor and dual HD cameras that promise to allow for better face and object recognition even in poor lighting conditions. The Nao Next Gen launches three years after the original Nao's debut and continues to target the same markets: research and educational institutions, personal wellbeing nd individual developers, who may apply to join the Nao Developer Program and Aldebaran Robotics says it has sold 2,000 units of Nao so far, though the goal for Nao Next Gen will surely be exponentially higher.

 

Aldebaran Robotics, the world leader in humanoid robotics has released its latest version of the NAO robot - NAO Next Gen. The power of NAO Next Gen, the new fully programmable humanoid robot that has the most extensive worldwide use, is opening up new perspectives and fields of application for its users. "The inception of this new generation of NAO robots means a lot to our company. We are proud to be in a position to provide our customers with endless options, whatever their sector. With NAO Next Gen coming of age, we shall be able to make it serve organizations that care for autistic children and those losing their autonomy. I created Aldebaran Robotics in 2005 with this aim: to contribute to humankind‟s well-being." Three years after it started selling its first NAO models, the company has sold 2,000 robots worldwide. Aldebaran Robotics has now released the latest generation of its programmable humanoid robots, which is intended for research, teaching and, more generally, for exploring the new area of service robotics. Stemming from six years of research and dialogue with its community of researchers and users, NAO Next Gen is capable of a higher level of interaction, thanks to increased computing power, improved stability and higher accuracy. Therefore, the latest version of the NAO robot widens considerably the range of research, teaching and application possibilities made available to specific user groups.

One of the NAO Next Gen's novel and most remarkable features is the fact that it is fitted with a new on-board computer, based on the powerful 1.6GHz Intel Atom processor, which is suitable for multi-tasking calculations. It also has two HD cameras that are attached to a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). This set-up allows the simultaneous reception of two video streams, significantly increasing speed and performance in face-and-object recognition, even under poor-lighting conditions. As well as its innovative features with respect to hardware, NAO Next Gen boasts a new, faster and more reliable vocal-recognition program called Nuance. This program is coupled with a new functionality known as word spotting, which is capable of isolating and recognizing a specific word within a sentence or a conversation. "On top of this new hardware version, we shall be delivering new software functionalities like smart torque control, a system to prevent limb/body collisions, an improved walking algorithm, and more. We have capitalized upon our experience and customer feedback in order to deliver the most suitable and efficient platform. In terms of applications especially at high-school level, we are focused on educational content, while, when it comes to improvements in personal well-being, we are working on developing specialized applications," explains Bruno Maisonnier. "We are also pursuing our goal to provide a NAO intended for individuals through the Developer Program - a community of programmers who are working with us today to invent tomorrow‟s personal robotics," adds the chairman of Aldebaran Robotics.

Hardware Platform

NAO is a programmable, 57-cm tall humanoid robot with the following key components:

• Body with 25 degrees of freedom (DOF) whose key elements are electric motors and actuators
• Sensor network, including 2 cameras, 4 microphones, sonar rangefinder, 2 IR emitters and receivers, 1 inertial board, 9 tactile sensors, and 8 pressure sensors
• Various communication devices, including voice synthesizer, LED lights, and 2 high-fidelity speakers
• Intel ATOM 1,6ghz CPU (located in the head) that runs a Linux kernel and supports Aldebaran’s proprietary middleware (NAOqi)
• Second CPU (located in the torso)
• 27,6-watt-hour battery that provides NAO with 1.5 or more hours of autonomy, depending on usage

NAOqi

Building robotics applications is challenging

• The building blocks of robotics applications include state-of-the-art, complex technologies, such as speech recognition, object recognition, and object mapping.
• Applications must be secure and able to run in constrained environments that have limited resources.
• NAOqi, the embedded NAO software, includes a fast, secure and reliable, cross-platform, distributed robotics framework that provides a solid foundation on which developers can leverage and improve NAO's functionality.
• NAOqi allows algorithms to share their APIs with others and helps prepare modules to run on NAO or remote PCs.
• Code development can take place in Windows, Mac OS, or Linux and be called from many languages, including C++, Python, Urbi, and .Net. Modules built on top of this framework offer rich APIs for interacting with NAO.
• NAOqi meets common robotics needs: parallelism, resources, synchronization, and events.
• n NAOqi, as in other frameworks, there are generic layers, but they are created especially for NAO. NAOqi allows homogeneous communication between different modules (motion, audio, and video), homogeneous programming, and homogeneous information sharing with ALMemory.

Motion

Omnidirectional walking:

NAO's walking uses a simple dynamic model (linear inverse pendulum) and quadratic programming. It is stabilized using feedback from joint sensors. This makes walking robust and resistant to small disturbances, and torso oscillations in the frontal and lateral planes are absorbed. NAO can walk on a variety of floor surfaces, such as carpeted, tiled, and wooden floors. NAO can transition between these surfaces while walking.

Whole body motion:


NAO's motion module is based on generalized inverse kinematics, which handles Cartesian coordinates, joint control, balance, redundancy, and task priority. This means that when asking NAO to extend its arm, it bends over because its arms and leg joints are taken into account. NAO will stop its movement to maintain balance.

Fall Manager:

The Fall Manager protects NAO when it falls. Its main function is to detect when NAO's center of mass (CoM) shifts outside the support polygon. The support polygon is determined by the position of the foot or feet in contact with the ground. When a fall is detected, all motion tasks are killed and, depending on the direction, NAO's arms assume protective positioning, the CoM is lowered, and robot stiffness is reduced to zero.

Vision

NAO has two cameras and can track, learn, and recognize images and faces.

• NAO sees using two 920p cameras, which can capture up to 30 images per second.
• The first camera, located on NAO’s forehead, scans the horizon, while the second located at mouth level scans the immediate surroundings.
• The software lets you recover photos and video streals of what NAO sees. But eyes are only useful if you can interpret what you see.
• That’s why NAO contains a set of algorithms for detecting and recognizing faces and shapes. NAO can recognize who is talking to it or find a ball or, eventually, more complex objects.
• These algorithms have been specially developed, with constant attention to using a minimum of processor resources.
• Furthermore, NAO’s SDK lets you develop your own modules to interface with OpenCV (the Open Source Computer Vision library originally developed by Intel).
• Since you can execute modules on NAO or transfer them to a PC connected to NAO, you can easily use the OpenCV display functions to develop and test your algorithms with image feedback.

Audio

 NAO uses four microphones to track sounds, and its voice recognition and text-to-speech capabilities allow it to communicate in 8 languages.
Sound Source Localization:
Sound Source Localization:

One of the main purposes of humanoid robots is to interact with people. Sound localization allows a robot to identify the direction of sounds. To produce robust and useful outputs while meeting CPU and memory requirements, NAO sound source localization is based on an approach known as “Time Difference of Arrival.”
When a nearby source emits a sound, each of NAO’s four microphones receives the sound wave at slightly different times.
For example, if someone talks to NAO on its left side, the corresponding sound wave first hits the left microphones, then the front and rear microphones a few milliseconds later, and finally the right microphone.
These differences, known as interaural time difference (ITD), can then be mathematically processed to determine the current location of the emitting source.
By solving the equation every time it hears a sound, NAO can determine the direction of the emitting source (azimuthal and elevation angles) from ITDs between the four microphones.
This feature is available as a NAOqi module called ALAudioSourceLocalization; it provides a C++ and Python API that allows precise interactions with a Python script or NAOqi module.

Possible applications include::

• Human Detection, Tracking, and Recognition
• Noisy Object Detection, Tracking, and Recognition
• Speech Recognition in a specific direction
• Speaker Recognition in a specific direction
• Remote Monitoring/Security applications
• Entertainment applications

Audio Signal Processing:

n robotics, embedded processors have limited computational power, making it useful to perform some calculations remotely on a desktop computer or server.
This is especially true for audio signal processing; for example, speech recognition often takes place more efficiently, faster, and more accurately on a remote processor. Most modern smartphones process voice recognition remotely.
Users may want to use their own signal processing algorithms directly in the robot.
The NAOqi framework uses Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) to send and receive audio signals over the Web.
Sound is produced and recorded in NAO using the Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA) library.
The ALAudioDevice module manages audio inputs and outputs.
Using NAO’s audio capabilities, a wide range of experiments and research can take place in the fields of communications and human-robot interaction.
For example, users can employ NAO as a communication device, interacting with NAO (talk and hear) as if it were a human being.
Signal processing is of course an interesting example. Thanks to the audio module, you can get the raw audio data from the microphones in real time and process it with your own code.

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Introduction: Robots

Ever since the Czech writer Karel Èapek first coined the term "robot" in 1921, there has been an expectation that robots would some day deliver us from the drudgery of hard work. The word - from the Czech "robota", for hard labour and servitude - described intelligent machines used as slaves in his play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots).

Today, over one million household robots, and a further 1.1 million industrial robots, are operating worldwide. Robots are used to perform tasks that require great levels of precision or are simply repetitive and boring. Many also do jobs that are hazardous to people, such as exploring shipwrecks, helping out after disasters, studying other planets and defusing bombs or mines.

Robots are increasingly marching into our lives. In the future, robots will act as carers, medics, bionic enhancements, companions, entertainers, security guards, traffic police and even soldiers.

Domestic invasion

Despite the longevity of the robot concept, robotic butlers that roam our homes and relieve us from housework still seemed far from reality until very recently. Instead, the vast majority of robots worked in factories performing the industrial functions of brainless machines.

However, a combination of increased computing power and advances made in the field of artificial intelligence, or AI, have now made software smart enough to make robots considerably more useful.

A recent report published by the United Nations revealed that sales of domestic robots had tripled in a single year. What's more, they were well on their way to outstripping their industrial cousins.

While a large portion of the household robots were made up of roboticvacuum cleaners, mops, lawn mowers, pool cleaners, security bots and evenrobotic baby-rockers - the real boom was in entertainment robots.

Suddenly people were happy to pay for robots that had no specific functional value. Instead these bots, such as Sony's Aibo robotic dog and its robo-pupsserved as robo-pets and companions, rather than slaves.

This is partly because many domestic chores still pose a real challenge for robots, in terms of dexterity and intelligence, even with seemingly simple chores such as ironing.

Movers and shakers

Away from the domestic front, the modern bot can take many other forms. Some are even designed to change their form, such as shape-shifting tetrabots or self-cloning robots.

And while we often think of robots being humanoid, such as Honda's Asimoand Sony's Qrio, there is as much interest, if not more, in emulating other creatures like insects, lobsters, orang-utans, alligators, snakes and fish. Arobot guard dragon has even been created.

Whether they have two legs, many legs, or no legs at all, considerable advances have been made in robot locomotion, including bipedal walking,rambling, crawling, rock-climbing, bouncing, slithering and swimming.

There are also wheeled bots that work as autonomous vehicles, such as thedesert racers that compete in the DARPA Grand Challenge to be the fastest to cross a desert without any human control.

Robot wars

One area where even more advances in autonomy have been made is the development of unmanned aerial vehicles, or UAVs. These are essentially remotely-controlled spy planes that are capable of flying themselves if they lose contact with their pilot. These planes can also be used to monitor forest fires. Some robots have even learnt to fly of their own accord.

The Pentagon has started arming some UAVs, making them capable ofresponding with firepower against aggressive attacks - so-called unmanned combat vehicles, or UCVs. Robots that act as battlefield spies have also been designed.

Also aiming to remove humans from dangerous situations are space agencies, such as NASA, who have developed many space explorationrobots. For example, the robonaut is a remotely-operated robot, designed to perform dangerous space walks in the place of an astronaut.

In addition, NASA has already sent robotic rovers to Mars, developed robotic dirt scoopers, "flying eyes" and probes for interplanetary exploration and even sent droids off to try to explore asteroids. Space probes such as Huygens(which landed on Titan) and Russia's Venera 9 (which landed on Venus) are sometimes considered robots too.

And it's not just other planets that robots are good for exploring. Robotic submarines, also known as remotely operated vehicles, or ROVs, have now become important way of exploring the deep ocean or ice-capped waters, while heat resistant robots are now used to patrol and monitor the activity involcanoes. A robotic rover has even been used to explore Egyptian pyramids.

Precision surgeons

Operating on the human body requires high skill but also great control, something robots can provide. The idea of robotic surgery prompted early fears of unsupervised robots let loose to operate, but the reality is that robots now assist surgeons to perform precision procedures.

The most successful of these is arguably the da Vinci robotic surgical system, which is used for keyhole surgery, to operate on anything from gall bladder removals and brain surgery to heart bypasses.

Similarly, tiny, wireless and robotic camera-capsules have been used diagnostically, by allowing them to pass through a patient's digestive system. Others have been designed to move about by remote control in the abdominal cavity, beaming images back to the surgeon, or even taking biopsy samples. Robot hands have even been developed to scan for breast cancer.

Such life-saving robots have proved so successful that dentists are considering using robotic dental drill to make implant dental surgery cheaper, quicker and, crucially, less painful.

Actuators and sensors

But despite all the successes, there are still many challenges in robotics. These include producing better actuators (which control how robots move),sensors (which allow them to detect their environment) and ultimately making bots much smarter.

Current motors, and hydraulic or pneumatic actuators, are either too weak, or too bulky and noisy. Artificial muscle might be one solution, but so far these have failed to be strong enough to beat even a teenage girl in a robotic arm wrestling match.

Bipedal and humanoid robots have proved a particular problem. Robots onwheels, or those that move like insects, have found it much easier to balanceand get around.

And while much early research in robotics focused on using sonar sensorsbecause they were cheap and easy to use, the focus today is on the more challenging, yet richer, vision-based navigation systems.

Similarly, while there is much research on making robotic arms and hands, the difficulty lies in making electronic skin sensitive enough to detect fragile or slippery objects by touch alone. A robot that mimics human speech is also under development.

To encourage advances in these all these fields, it is now common for the robotic community to use contests. These include baseball catchingcontests, to improve dexterity; goldfish-catching contests, to improve underwater manoeuvrability; even robotic camel jockeying contests have been held, though they were created to replace child jockeys.

The ultimate test perhaps is robot soccer. This is driving development in just about every area of robotics from the ability to run and kick a ball to communicating and demonstrating teamwork. The grand aim is to have a team of humanoid robots that can beat the best human soccer team in the world by 2050.

Until then the question remains that if robots are ever made smart enough to do our ironing will they also be smart enough to refuse to do it for us? Would we suddenly have a robotic-rebellion on our hands?

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